Dari Paulus hingga Teologi Kontemporer Sintesis Integratif Doktrin Pembenaran oleh Iman
Abstrak
The doctrine of justification by faith is a fundamental Christian teaching, affirming that humans are justified before God not through works but through faith in Jesus Christ. This study analyzes the doctrine's historical development and the relationship between faith, grace, and works across church history. This study uses a qualitative method with historical and hermeneutical approaches, drawing on a theological literature review and exegetical analysis of Genesis 3:15, Genesis 15:6, Habakkuk 2:4, Galatians 3:10-14, Romans 3:21-26, and James 2:14-26. Findings show the doctrine developed from the early church through the patristic era, the medieval period, the Reformation, and the contemporary era, with grace as the ontological foundation, faith as the means of reception, and works as its ethical manifestation. The tension between Paul and James is understood as complementary rather than contradictory. The study also evaluates the doctrine's relevance amid pluralism, relativism, and contemporary legalism, engaging the New Perspective on Paul, and offers an integrative synthesis of historical and hermeneutical approaches that enriches contemporary understanding of the doctrine.
Abstrak
Doktrin pembenaran oleh iman merupakan ajaran fundamental dalam Kekristenan yang menegaskan bahwa manusia dibenarkan di hadapan Allah bukan melalui perbuatan, melainkan melalui iman kepada Yesus Kristus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perkembangan historis doktrin tersebut serta relasi antara iman, anugerah, dan perbuatan sepanjang sejarah gereja. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan historis dan hermeneutik, melalui studi literatur teologis dan analisis eksegetikal terhadap Kejadian 3:15, Kejadian 15:6, Habakuk 2:4, Galatia 3:10-14, Roma 3:21-26, dan Yakobus 2:14-26. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa doktrin ini berkembang secara dinamis dari gereja mula-mula, era patristik, abad pertengahan, Reformasi, hingga masa kontemporer, dengan anugerah sebagai fondasi ontologis, iman sebagai sarana penerimaan, dan perbuatan sebagai manifestasi etis. Ketegangan antara penekanan Paulus dan Yakobus dipahami sebagai komplementer, bukan kontradiktif. Penelitian ini juga mengevaluasi relevansi doktrin dalam merespons pluralisme, relativisme, dan legalisme kontemporer, termasuk kontribusi serta kritik terhadap perspektif Paulus. Penelitian ini menawarkan sintesis integratif antara pendekatan historis dan hermeneutik yang memperkaya pemahaman doktrin pembenaran dalam teologi kontemporer.
Artikel teks lengkap
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Penulis
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